AI voice in political calls · verified October 5, 2026

AI robocall and voice call laws by state

Every state is bound by the federal floor: the FCC ruled in February 2024 that AI-generated voices are "artificial" voices under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, so AI voice calls to cell phones need prior express consent and every call must identify who is calling at the start. 35 jurisdictions add their own rules that reach AI or prerecorded political calls, from robocall disclosure and calling-hour limits to election deepfake laws that cover audio.

State by state

Alaska has no AI-specific calling rule. Its ban on automated or recorded telephone solicitations (AS 45.50.475) excludes calls limited to soliciting the expression of ideas, opinions or votes, so political robocalls fall outside it. But AS 15.56.025 makes it a class A misdemeanor to knowingly make a false statement about a candidate as part of an organized telephone poll or series of calls to persuade voters, with intent to affect the election, which covers AI-voiced calls as much as human ones.

Arizona has no rule specific to AI voices in political calls. Its automated dialing law (A.R.S. 13-2919) and telephone solicitation law (A.R.S. 44-1278) target calls that sell goods or services, not political calls. Two rules still reach AI voice calls: an AI voice clone of a candidate in a call within 90 days of an election is synthetic audio under A.R.S. 16-1024 and needs the AI disclosure, and since 2025 using a computer-generated voice recording of another person with intent to defraud is a class 5 felony.

Arkansas has no AI-specific calling rule. Its automated telephone statute (Ark. Code 5-63-204) bans using an automated dialing system that plays recorded messages for sales calls and also for any purpose in connection with a political campaign, a Class B misdemeanor. However, in Gresham v. Rutledge (E.D. Ark., July 27, 2016), Judge J. Leon Holmes held the political campaign part unconstitutional under the First Amendment and entered a decree barring the Attorney General from enforcing it, so recorded political robocalls are not restricted by that statute. Federal TCPA rules on artificial voices still apply.

California is one of the few states with a statute aimed at AI voices in robocalls. Since January 1, 2025, anyone placing calls with an automatic dialing-announcing device (ADAD, equipment that dials stored or generated numbers and plays a prerecorded message) must first have a live, unrecorded human announcement that states the nature of the call and who is calling, asks whether the person consents to hear the prerecorded message, and tells the person if the message uses an artificial voice (Pub. Util. Code 2874). The statute has no political-call exemption, and ADAD calls cannot reach California phones between 9 p.m. and 9 a.m. No court has struck any part of it. Separately, a committee's prerecorded phone ad that uses AI audio must also speak the AB 2355 AI disclaimer, and an AI voice clone of a candidate in a call can violate Elec. Code 20010 and 20012.

Colorado has no statute aimed specifically at AI voices in phone calls. The election deepfake law covers audio communications, so an AI-generated or cloned voice depicting a candidate in a call or voicemail sent to that candidate's voters within 60 days of a primary or 90 days of a general election requires the spoken disclosure at the start and end. Federal TCPA rules (FCC 2024 ruling that AI voices are artificial voices) still apply to calls into Colorado.

Delaware has no statute specific to AI voices in phone calls. Its election deepfake law covers audio, so an AI-cloned voice of a candidate in a call or voicemail within 90 days of an election, made without that candidate's consent and meant to injure or deceive, requires the spoken disclosure at the start and end of the audio. Delaware's campaign finance law treats telephone as a communications medium, so paid political calls worth $500 or more need a "Paid for by" statement. Federal TCPA rules on artificial voices also apply.

Florida has no rule specifically about AI voice agents, but two election statutes reach AI political calls. If a political call contains generative AI audio that makes a real person appear to say something they did not, with intent to injure a candidate or deceive about a ballot issue, the AI disclaimer must be spoken for at least 3 seconds at the beginning or end. Separately, every political call or mass text supporting or opposing a candidate, official, or ballot measure must state who paid for it, may not falsely claim to represent a person or group, needs the candidate's written authorization on file if it is not an independent expenditure, and vendors calling into Florida must register an agent. The Florida Telephone Solicitation Act targets commercial sales calls, and federal TCPA rules on artificial voices also apply.

Georgia has no AI-specific calling law. Its automatic dialing and announcing device (ADAD) statute, O.C.G.A. 46-5-23, restricts equipment that automatically dials numbers and plays prerecorded messages for advertising or sales and also for conducting polls or soliciting information, unless the caller has prior written consent, calls only 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., disconnects within 10 seconds if the recipient refuses, and states the caller's name and phone number within 25 seconds. Calls by a nonprofit organization, or by an individual not for commercial profit, that do not advertise or sell are exempt; the statute does not mention political calls by name, so whether a for-profit vendor's political robocalls or polls qualify for the exemption is not settled. Whether a real-time AI voice agent counts as a prerecorded message under this law is also untested.

Idaho's automatic dialing-announcing device law applies to any call where a device dials numbers and plays a prerecorded or synthesized voice message, which on its face includes AI-generated voices, and it is not limited to sales calls. At the outset of the message the caller must disclose the name of the person for whom the message is made, the purpose of the message, and the caller's contact information. The telemarketing exemptions in Idaho Code 48-1005 apply only to the solicitor registration rules, not to this disclosure. In addition, AI-faked audio of a candidate in calls to residences within the electioneering window is covered by the FAIR Elections Act, so the "This (audio) has been manipulated" disclosure protects the sponsor.

Illinois has no AI-specific rule for voice calls or texts. The Automatic Telephone Dialers Act bans playing a prerecorded message by autodialer without the called party's consent and bans autodialed calls between 9 p.m. and 9 a.m., but calls on behalf of political organizations and polling are exempt from the Act except the rule that autodialers may not block caller ID. Separately, Illinois is an all-party consent state for recording private conversations, and voiceprints are biometric identifiers under BIPA (740 ILCS 14), which matters for AI voice agents or voice cloning that capture a real person's voice. Federal TCPA rules (the FCC treats AI-generated voices as artificial voices requiring prior consent for calls to cell phones) apply on top.

Indiana's Automatic Dialing Machine law bans using an automatic dialing-announcing device to deliver a recorded message unless the person called already requested or consented to it, or a live operator first gets the person's consent before the message plays. There is no political exemption, and the Seventh Circuit upheld the law as applied to political robocalls (Patriotic Veterans v. Indiana, 2017). An AI voice agent that dials automatically and plays a synthetic voice is very likely covered. Indiana has no AI-specific voice disclosure law.

Kentucky regulates automated calling equipment that dials numbers and delivers recorded messages (KRS 367.461 to 367.469), and the statute expressly mentions recorded messages and artificial voices. Calls for conducting polls, soliciting information, or advertising require consent (a live operator introduction or keypad opt-in for that call, or written consent valid two years), name and callback number within the first 25 seconds and at the end, disconnect within 10 seconds, no random or sequential dialing, no calls to unlisted numbers, hospitals, nursing homes, or police and fire, calls only 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., and attended equipment. Anyone using automated calling equipment to call Kentucky numbers must first get an Attorney General permit and post a $10,000 bond unless an exception applies. There is no explicit political exemption; automated polling (IVR) calls are clearly covered, while pure persuasion or GOTV recorded calls are less clearly within the listed purposes. In addition, KRS 117.322 treats AI-altered candidate voices in calls to residences within 45 days of an election as synthetic media subject to a disclosure order.

Louisiana regulates automatic dialing and announcing devices (ADAD) that dial numbers and play recorded messages. By statute (R.S. 45:810 to 45:813) ADAD calls for sales, polls, or soliciting information need consent obtained at the start of each call, must state the caller's name and phone number within 25 seconds and at the end, may not use random or sequential dialing, must disconnect within 10 seconds, and require an LPSC permit and $10,000 bond. The Louisiana Public Service Commission's Do Not Call General Order (R-35852, amended 2021) applies its telephonic solicitation terms, including the ADAD consent and identification rules, to all call types including political activity and polling calls, but since 2021 exempts political and polling calls from the Sunday, holiday, and 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. calling-hour ban. Political calls are exempt from the Do Not Call list itself. Louisiana has no AI-specific voice disclosure rule for calls, but an AI-cloned candidate voice in an electioneering call would fall under Act 806's AI disclosure rule.

Maine has no AI-specific calling statute, but three rules matter. (1) 10 M.R.S. 1498 bans using an automated telephone calling device or an artificial or prerecorded voice to make solicitation calls (sales, charitable appeals, or calls to gather data or statistics or solicit information) to any residential, cell, unlisted, or emergency number in Maine without prior written express consent; AI voice polls and surveys fall squarely within this, while pure persuasion or GOTV calls are not listed purposes. (2) 21-A M.R.S. 1014-B requires sponsor disclosures on push polls and requires anyone conducting paid push polls or political telephone solicitations or contacts to file a registered Maine agent with the Ethics Commission. (3) An AI-cloned candidate voice in a prerecorded call that counts as a public communication would need the new synthetic media disclosure.

Maryland has no AI-specific calling statute, but three election laws reach AI voice calls. Automated or prerecorded oral communications are "campaign material" (Election Law 1-101), so they must carry an authority line (Election Law 13-401). Election Law 16-201 makes it a crime to influence a voter's decision whether to vote through fraud, threats, or intimidation, and since 2024 "influence" includes deception and trickery regardless of medium. The new deepfake crime (Election Law 16-905, effective June 1, 2026) covers AI-cloned voices in calls that falsely depict a person to sway or suppress votes. Maryland's telemarketing laws (including the 2023 Stop the Spam Calls Act) apply to sales calls, not political calls, so federal TCPA rules govern consent for AI or prerecorded calls to cell phones.

Michigan is one of the few states with an AI-specific robocall rule. Under MCL 169.247(7), a prerecorded telephone message that expressly advocates for or against a clearly identified candidate or ballot question must identify the payer with name and a phone number, address, or other contact information, and if the message is generated in whole or substantially by AI it must contain the exact disclaimer "This message was generated in whole or substantially by artificial intelligence." A knowing violation of section 169.247 is a misdemeanor (up to $1,000 and/or 93 days). Paid AI audio ads are also covered by MCL 169.259, and deceptive AI voice clones of candidates within 90 days of an election fall under MCL 168.932f.

Minnesota's automatic dialing-announcing device law expressly covers devices that play a 'prerecorded or synthesized voice message' and defines a message as any call regardless of content, so it reaches political robocalls and AI voice calls. A caller may not use such a device unless the subscriber knowingly requested or consented to the message, or a live operator first introduces the call and gets the subscriber's consent before the message plays. Calls must also be made between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. and the device must disconnect within 10 seconds of hang-up. Separately, an AI voice clone of a candidate used to influence an election inside the 609.771 window is a crime.

Montana's automated telephone solicitation law (MCA 45-8-216) bans automated dialing systems that play recorded messages for listed purposes unless a live operator first gets the called party's permission, with a fine up to $2,500. The listed purpose 'promoting a political campaign or any use related to a political campaign' (subsection (1)(e)) was struck down as unconstitutional by the Ninth Circuit in Victory Processing, LLC v. Fox (2019), so political robocalls are no longer barred by that clause, although it remains in the printed code. The other listed purposes, including soliciting information and gathering data or statistics, were not struck and still apply, which can reach automated polling or survey calls. Separately, SB 25 covers AI deepfakes of candidates in prerecorded phone messages during the 60-day window unless the 8-second audio disclosure is included.

Nebraska's Automatic Dialing-Announcing Devices Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. 86-236 to 86-257) and PSC rules (291 NAC chapter 11) reach political robocalls. Under 86-256, anyone using an autodialer for calls other than telephone solicitations (political calls included) must register the device with the Public Service Commission, describing the planned use and the message; each message must state at the beginning who it is on behalf of, state a callback number (other than the dialer's) or address, and be sent only between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m. A campaign that hires a vendor is jointly and severally liable and must file the message with the PSC within 24 hours after it is transmitted. The PSC can impose administrative fines (86-257). Nothing is AI-specific, but an AI-generated voice played by an autodialer is very likely a 'recorded message' under the Act.

Nevada's automatic dialing and announcing device law (NRS 597.814) is not limited to sales calls: before a prerecorded message is played, a recorded or unrecorded natural voice must tell the person the nature of the call (including that an automatic dialing and announcing device will deliver the message if they stay on the line) and give the name, address, and phone number of the business or organization being represented. Calls may not be placed between 8 p.m. and 9 a.m., and the device may not call back after the person hangs up. Violations are crimes (misdemeanor, then gross misdemeanor, then felony). Calls made exclusively for a nonprofit organization are exempt. Whether an AI-synthesized voice counts as a 'natural voice' for the opening is untested; the safe course is a human-recorded or live intro. AI-manipulated depictions of real people in political robocalls also need the NRS 294A.3493 spoken disclosure.

New Hampshire is ground zero for AI voice calls in politics. In January 2024 about 9,600 robocalls using an AI clone of President Biden's voice told Democrats to skip the primary. Consultant Steve Kramer was charged with 11 felony voter suppression counts and 11 counts of impersonating a candidate and was acquitted on all of them by a Belknap County jury on June 13, 2025; the FCC fined him $6 million (September 2024), carrier Lingo Telecom paid $1 million in an August 2024 FCC settlement, and a federal court entered a default judgment and permanent injunction against Kramer in League of Women Voters of New Hampshire v. Kramer on November 20, 2025. Today the rules that hit AI voice calls are: RSA 664:14-a (prerecorded political messages must identify the candidate or group and payer within 30 seconds, no calls to federal do not call numbers, $5,000 civil penalty per violation plus a private damages action), RSA 664:14-b (no knowingly misrepresenting the origin of a campaign call or spoofing caller ID, $5,000 per violation plus a private damages action), and RSA 664:14-c (an AI voice depicting a candidate inside 90 days needs the spoken AI disclosure). New Hampshire also restricts anonymous push polling.

New Mexico has no AI-specific call statute, but two election rules reach AI voice calls. NMSA 1-19-26.3 bars spending campaign or political committee funds on a telephone call, when it is one of 500 or more similar calls in a cycle advocating for or against a candidate or ballot question, without disclosing to the recipient the name of the organization that authorized or paid for the call, and requires keeping the script, and a copy of any recorded message, for at least 90 days after election day. If an AI call uses a cloned voice of a real person saying things they did not say, the HB 182 AI disclaimer and 90 day criminal rule apply to that audio. The state's automated dialing rule (NMSA 57-12-22) covers prerecorded calls that sell goods or services, not political calls.

New York is one of the few states whose AI election rule expressly covers automated telephone calls: under Election Law 14-106(5), a political robocall or AI voice call that uses materially deceptive media (for example a cloned candidate voice) must speak "This audio has been manipulated" at the beginning, the end and every two minutes. Separately, Election Law 14-106(2) requires political committee communications, including automated telephone calls, to clearly speak "Paid for by:" and the committee name. General Business Law 399-p regulates calls placed with automatic dialing-announcing devices (identification of the caller at the start, name, address and phone number at the end, disconnect rules). An AI agent that speaks in its own synthetic voice and does not depict a real person is not by itself materially deceptive media, but federal TCPA artificial voice rules still apply.

North Carolina has no AI-specific rule for political calls. Under current G.S. 75-104, automatic dialing and recorded message players may not be used for unsolicited calls except in listed cases; a political party or political candidate may use them if no part of the call is a telephone solicitation and the caller clearly identifies the person's name and contact information and the nature of the call. HB 936 (Robocall Solicitation Modifications) would replace this with a new robocall definition that expressly includes artificial or artificially generated voice messages and texts, require prior express written consent for most robocalls, ban spoofing and impersonating officials, and keep a narrow political call exception; it passed the House May 7, 2025 and the Senate (amended) June 17, 2026, the House refused to concur June 23, 2026, and it has been in conference committee since June 24, 2026. It is not law.

North Dakota has two rules that directly hit AI voice political calls. First, N.D.C.C. 51-28-02 says a caller may not use an automatic dialing-announcing device or deliver a prerecorded or synthesized voice message to a subscriber unless the subscriber knowingly requested, consented to, permitted or authorized it, or the message is immediately preceded by a live operator who obtains consent. A "message" is any call, voice, text or other electronic communication regardless of content, so political calls are covered even though political calls are exempt from the separate telephone solicitation and do not call rules. AI generated voices are synthesized voices. Second, the 2025 AI disclosure law (16.1-10-04.2) requires political content that audibly impersonates a human with AI to prominently state "THIS CONTENT GENERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Political texts are not exempt from the telephone solicitation definition, and caller ID spoofing with intent to defraud or using a number the caller does not own or have consent to use is prohibited.

Oregon has no AI-specific rule for political calls, but its automatic dialing law (ORS 646A.370 to 646A.374) covers any device that dials numbers and plays a "prerecorded or synthesized voice message," which includes AI voice robocalls, and it applies to any caller with no political exemption. Such calls must offer, in the first 10 seconds, a one-digit or spoken opt-out that blocks future calls, the device must disconnect within 10 seconds after hang-up, numbers that opted out must be removed, and calls are allowed only from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. The caller may not misrepresent its identity, phone number, location, or purpose in the synthesized message, and caller ID spoofing is barred; those violations are unlawful trade practices. If an AI robocall manipulates a real person's voice to support or oppose a candidate or measure, the synthetic media disclosure under SB 1571 also applies.

Pennsylvania has no enacted law aimed at AI voices or political robocalls; federal TCPA rules govern (the FCC confirmed in February 2024 that AI voices are "artificial" voices requiring prior express consent for calls to cell phones). The general digital forgery law (18 Pa.C.S. 4101.1, effective 2025-09-05) would reach a call that uses a cloned voice of a real person, presented as genuine, with intent to defraud or injure. Two pending bills target AI voice in political calls: HB 486 would ban artificially generated facsimiles of a human voice in paid political communications, and SB 1332 would require an AI audio tagline at the start of robocalls and other audio political ads that use AI-generated audio.

Rhode Island has no AI-specific rule for political calls. The synthetic media law (R.I. Gen. Laws 17-30) covers audio, so a robocall from a campaign or independent spender that uses an AI-manipulated voice of a real candidate within 90 days of an election must read the AI disclosure at the beginning, the end, and every two minutes. A generic AI voice that does not depict a real individual is not synthetic media under this law. Rhode Island also makes it a misdemeanor (fine up to $200 per occurrence) to operate an automatic telephone dialing system that fails to disconnect within 5 seconds after the called party hangs up (R.I. Gen. Laws 11-35-26), with no political exemption in the text. Federal TCPA rules on artificial voices also apply.

South Carolina's automatically dialed announcing device statute (S.C. Code 16-17-446) expressly includes "calls of a political nature including, but not limited to, calls relating to political campaigns" and bars such recorded-message calls unless the recipient asked for them or has a business relationship with the caller. In Cahaly v. LaRosa (4th Cir. 2015) the Fourth Circuit held this anti-robocall statute is a content-based speech restriction that fails strict scrutiny, so it is not enforceable against political robocalls, although it remains printed in the Code. There is no AI-specific call law. Federal TCPA rules (including the FCC's February 2024 ruling that AI voices are "artificial" voices) govern AI voice calls to cell phones.

South Dakota has no AI-specific or political robocall statute. Its telemarketing law (SDCL 37-30A) and do-not-call rules apply to consumer sales calls, not political calls. The election deepfake law (SDCL 12-26-33) covers audio, so a robocall that uses an AI-manipulated voice of a real person to injure a candidate within 90 days of an election needs the spoken disclosure at the beginning and end; a generic AI voice that does not depict a real person is not a deepfake. South Dakota also bars caller ID spoofing (SDCL 49-31-31(5), added 2022). Federal TCPA rules govern AI voice calls to cell phones.

Three Tennessee laws touch AI voice calls. (1) The new deepfake disclaimer rule (2-19-120(a)(6), effective July 1, 2026) requires an audio deepfake impersonating a candidate in political advertising to say "This communication contains fake content impersonating speech that did not occur." at the start and end. (2) The ELVIS Act (2024) makes it a civil wrong to knowingly use any individual's voice, defined to include a simulation of the voice, "for purposes of fundraising, solicitation of donations" without prior consent, so an AI clone of a candidate, celebrity, or any identifiable person in a fundraising call needs that person's consent. (3) Tennessee's ADAD statute (Tenn. Code 47-18-1502) restricts automatic dialing and recorded message equipment used for advertising, soliciting, or "conducting polls or soliciting information": prior consent or a live operator introduction is needed, calls only 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., the caller's name and phone number within the first 25 seconds and at the end, and disconnection within 10 seconds of hang-up. No political exemption appears in the text, though its application to political robocalls was not confirmed.

Texas has no law aimed specifically at AI voices in political calls. Two older laws matter. First, Texas Utilities Code chapter 55, subchapter F regulates any "automated dial announcing device" that plays a "prerecorded or synthesized voice message" for unsolicited calls ("telephone solicitation" is defined simply as "an unsolicited call"), which on its face reaches an AI voice robocall; it requires a PUC permit, a message that states the nature of the call, the caller's identity, and the calling number within the first 30 seconds, and disconnection within 5 seconds of hang-up. There is no political exemption in the text, though whether the PUC applies it to political calls was not confirmed. Second, Texas Business and Commerce Code 305.053 lets any person who receives a call that violates the federal TCPA (for example an artificial or AI voice call to a cell phone without prior express consent, which the FCC confirmed in February 2024 covers AI voices) sue in Texas state court for $500 per violation, up to $1,500 if knowing or intentional.

Utah's election AI disclosure law (Utah Code 20A-11-1104) covers "an audio communication" paid for by a campaign, PAC, party, or anyone using a contribution that contains audio substantially produced by generative AI, so an AI voice robocall or AI voice agent call meant to influence a Utah vote very likely must say "Contains content generated by AI." at the beginning and end. Separately, Utah's Telephone and Facsimile Solicitation Act bars calls using an automated telephone dialing system (equipment that connects to recorded messages or artificial voices) for "telephone solicitation" without prior express consent or an established business relationship; telephone solicitation includes calls "seeking financial donations," so political fundraising robocalls may be covered, while pure persuasion or turnout calls likely are not. Utah's AI consumer disclosure law (Utah Code 13-75-103, as rewritten by SB 226 in 2025) requires a supplier using generative AI in a consumer transaction to admit it is AI when clearly asked; political calls are probably not consumer transactions, but answering truthfully is the safe practice.

Vermont has no statute that specifically regulates AI or artificial voices in political calls, and no ban on political robocalls. Two rules reach campaign calls: robotic phone calls are listed as "electioneering communications" and "mass media activities" in 17 V.S.A. 2901, so they must carry sponsor identification under 17 V.S.A. 2972, and Act 75 covers audio, so an AI voice clone of a candidate (or AI audio giving voters materially false election information) used within 90 days of an election needs the spoken disclosure at the start and end of the call. Federal TCPA rules on artificial voices still apply.

Virginia has no AI-specific calling law, but its campaign telephone call rules apply to any paid calling or texting program, live or automated, which includes AI voice agents. Va. Code 24.2-959 and 24.2-959.1 require "campaign telephone calls" (calls or texts to 25 or more Virginia numbers, within 180 days before a general or special election or 90 days before a primary, about a candidate or party, made under a paid agreement) to identify the sponsor before the call ends, and they ban intentionally altering caller ID to mislead. Violations carry a civil penalty up to $25,000, and willful violations are a Class 1 misdemeanor. The Virginia Telephone Privacy Protection Act (amended for texts effective Jan. 1, 2026) covers sales calls only, not political calls.

Washington has no AI-specific rule for political calls and no ban on political robocalls: its automatic dialing and announcing device ban (RCW 80.36.400) covers only commercial solicitation. Political calls are still political advertising, so the sponsor must be clearly identified or spoken on telephone ads (WAC 390-18-010). If a paid call uses an AI clone of a real person's voice, it is "synthetic media": the expenditure report must name the AI vendor (WAC 390-16-037(3)), and if the call is an electioneering communication the spoken "This audio has been manipulated." defense applies.

Wisconsin has no ban on political robocalls, and its telephone solicitation law (Wis. Stat. 100.52, including the bar on prerecorded messages without consent) covers only calls encouraging purchases. But Act 123 reaches AI voices directly: a paid political call or voicemail that is an audio communication requiring attribution and uses AI-generated voice content must say "Contains content generated by AI." at the beginning and end. Federal TCPA rules on artificial voices also apply.

Wyoming has no AI-specific rule for political calls. W.S. 6-6-104 still reads as a ban on using an automated system that dials numbers and plays recorded messages for "promoting or any other use related to a political campaign" (and for sales, soliciting information, and gathering data), punishable as a misdemeanor up to six months and $750. But in Victory Processing, LLC v. Michael, 333 F. Supp. 3d 1263 (D. Wyo. Aug. 6, 2018), the federal court held the whole statute, as written, a content-based restriction that fails strict scrutiny and is unconstitutional, granting summary judgment to the robocall vendor against the Attorney General. The state did not appeal that we found, and the legislature has not repealed or rewritten the section. Federal TCPA and FCC rules on artificial and AI voices still apply.

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Frequently asked questions

Are AI robocalls legal for political campaigns?

Yes, if they follow the TCPA and state rules. AI voices are treated as artificial or prerecorded voices: calls to cell phones need prior express consent, landline calls are allowed for political messages under federal law, and every call must state who is calling at the start and give a callback number. A cloned voice of a real candidate inside a state's election window can also trigger that state's deepfake law.

Which states have their own rules on AI or prerecorded political calls?

35 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. Each state guide explains what its rule requires.

What happened with the New Hampshire Biden deepfake robocall?

In January 2024 an AI-cloned voice of President Biden told New Hampshire voters to skip the primary. The FCC then confirmed AI voices are artificial voices under the TCPA, fined the political consultant behind the calls $6 million and settled with the carrier that transmitted them. New Hampshire prosecuted the consultant on state voter suppression and impersonation charges; the state guide has the outcome.

Does a live caller using an AI script count as an AI robocall?

No. The TCPA artificial voice rules apply to the voice the recipient hears. A live human caller reading a script, even one an AI wrote, is a live call. An AI voice agent that speaks to the voter is an artificial voice under the FCC ruling.

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